The survey found that 15% of households of the working population and 22% of households of retired residents are affected by poverty.
The report by the University of Geneva is based on tax data of about 4.5 million residents between 2011 and 2015. This was more than half the Swiss population.
The findings are representative for the whole of Switzerland, according to officials.
The difficult financial situation persisted in up to 50% of all cases for a very long time, according to experts. But one in two households regain a certain financial stability after a while.
Overall, income rose between 2003 and 2015 notably due to higher salaries, low inflation and better pension payments, the study found.
But single retired men did not benefit from the improvement, according to experts.
On average, a Swiss household had an annual income of CHF63,470 ($69,148) in 2015. The poverty line was set at around CHF38,000 annually.
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